Laminated glass is built from two or more panes bonded with a transparent interlayer, commonly polyvinyl butyral. The layers act together as a sheet in normal use.
The interlayer is the key
If an impact cracks the glass, the interlayer can hold many fragments in place and help the opening remain covered. The glass itself has still broken; the useful safety feature is that pieces are less likely to fall away immediately. Layer thickness and construction affect the level of penetration resistance.
Different from tempering
A laminated pane is not automatically stronger than every other glass of the same thickness. Tempered glass uses a different approach, placing its surfaces in compression so it resists bending better and breaks into small pieces. Designers can combine treatments where the application calls for them, but the terms describe separate mechanisms.
Related: why tempered glass breaks into small pieces.